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Pic. thirty: 1. Drive gear. 2. Thrust half ring freewheel. 3. Overrunning clutch roller. 4. Overrunning clutch centering ring. 5. Free wheel outer race. 6. Overrunning clutch cover. 7. The axis of the drive lever. 8. Sealing plug of the starter cover. 9. Starter drive lever. 10. Pull armature relay. 11. Starter cover on the drive side. 12. Relay armature return spring. 13. Anchor relay. 14. Sliding sleeve. 15. Relay front flange. 16. Winding of the traction relay. 17. Anchor rod. 18. Sliding sleeve of the anchor rod. 19. Relay core. 20. Relay core flange. 21. Contact plate. 22. Relay pinch bolt. 23. Relay cover. 24. Relay contact bolts. 25. Starter cover on the collector side. 26. Inner insulating plate of the positive brush holder. 27. Brake disc cover. 28. Brake disc armature shaft. 29. Output of the shunt coil of the stator winding. 30. Starter brush terminal. 31. Collector. 32. Conclusion of the serial coil of the stator winding. 33. Brush spring. 34. Brush holder. 35. Starter brush. 36. Anchor shaft. 37. Starter cover bushing. 38. Shunt coil of the stator winding. 39. Stator pole. 40. Starter housing. 41. Anchor winding. 42. Gear off stroke limiter. 43. Restrictive drive gear. 44. Driving ring. 45. Centering disc. 46. Overrunning clutch hub. 47. Buffer spring. 48. Overrunning clutch hub insert. 49. Drive gear bushing. 50. Restrictive ring of a course of a gear wheel. 51. Retaining ring. 52. Thrust washer of the armature shaft. 53. Adjusting washer axial free play. 54. Guide rod. 55. Plunger 56. Auxiliary starter relay. 57. Mounting block. 58. Ignition switch. 59. Starter. 60. Generator. 61. Battery. I - Scheme of operation of the overrunning clutch II - Scheme of switching on the starter.
Technical specifications:
- Rated voltage, V - 12
- Rated power, kW - 1.3
- Direction of rotation (gear side) - right
- Starter weight, kg - 8.5
To start the engine on most of the cars produced, a ST-221 starter is used with electromagnetic engagement of the drive gear, with a roller overrunning clutch and remote control. It is mounted on the right side of the engine and is flanged to the clutch housing with three bolts.
Since 1986, starter 35.3708 has been installed on some of the manufactured cars. It is distinguished by the use of an end collector and the fact that it has three serial and one shunt coils in the stator winding.
The ST-221 starter is a four-brush, four-pole DC motor with mixed excitation and consists of a housing 40 with excitation windings, an armature with a drive, two covers 11 and 25 and a traction relay. The covers and the starter housing are pulled together with two studs, which are wrapped in cover 11 and insulated with plastic tubes to protect against short circuits with the outputs of the serial coils of the stator winding.
The body is made of rolled and butt-welded steel strip and has four 39 steel poles secured with screws. Winding coils are put on the poles. The housing together with the poles and winding forms the starter stator.
Two serial coils are connected to each other in parallel, and with the armature winding - in series. Since the main current passes through them, consumed by the starter and depending on the braking torque on the armature shaft (the greater the torque, the greater the current), then the winding of the coils consists of a copper tape. The turns of the coils are isolated from each other by electrical insulating cardboard.
Shunt coils are connected to each other in series, and with the armature winding - in parallel. A relatively small current flows through them, depending mainly on the voltage of the battery. Therefore, shunt coils are wound with copper wire in enamel insulation. All stator coils are wrapped with cotton tape and impregnated with varnish.
The starter armature consists of a shaft 36, a core with a winding 41 and a collector 31. The armature shaft rotates in two porous ceramic-metal bushings 37 pressed into the starter covers and soaked in oil. The axial free play of the armature shaft is regulated by the selection of washers 53 and should be in the range of 0.07-6.7 mm.
The armature core is made of electrical steel plates 1 mm thick, pressed onto the middle part of the shaft, which has a longitudinal knurling. Plates of electrical insulating cardboard are installed along the edges of the core. In the core there are manholes of a half-forgotten shape, in which the wave winding of the armature from a copper tape is laid. In each groove there are two winding conductors, isolated from the core and between themselves by electrical insulating cardboard. The edges of the winding coming out of the grooves of the core are tightened with bandages that protect the winding conductors from bending by centrifugal force at a high frequency of rotation of the armature. Bandages are made of copper wire wound on a cardboard lining. Some starters have a bandage only on the drive side and are made of nylon fiber. The ends of the winding are soldered to the collector plates 31 pressed onto the shaft.
The collector consists of a plastic base reinforced with two steel rings, on which collector lamella copper plates isolated from each other are installed. For some starters, the plastic base of the collector can be with a steel hub-sleeve.
In the cover 25, cast from an aluminum alloy, four steel brush holders 34 with copper-graphite brushes are riveted. Two brush holders are isolated from the cover by plastic plates internal 26 and external. These are brush holders for positive brushes. The conclusions of serial coils are attached to them, the other two brush holders are riveted directly to the cover 25 and, therefore, are connected to the ground. These are negative brush holders. One of these brush holders is connected to the output of the shunt coils. The brushes are pressed against the commutator by spiral springs with a force of up to 10 N (1 kgf).
At the front end of the armature shaft, a starter drive is installed, consisting of a roller overrunning clutch and gear 1. The purpose of the overrunning clutch is to transmit torque from the starter armature shaft to the flywheel ring when starting the engine, and after starting, while operating in overtaking mode, to prevent the transmission of torque from flywheel to anchor. Otherwise, the armature winding may be ejected from the core slots due to "spacing" excessively high armature speed by the flywheel of a running engine.
The coupling consists of a hub 46, an outer ring 5 with rollers 3 and an inner ring combined with a drive gear 1. On the hub 46 of the coupling there is a plastic centering disk with a driving steel ring 44 and a plastic restrictive disk 45, pressed by a spring to the retaining ring on the hub. The hub has internal screw splines on one side and can be rotated to move along the screw splines of the armature shaft. On the other hand, an oil-impregnated ceramic-metal insert 48 is pressed into the hub, sliding along the smooth part of the armature shaft. The outer ring 5 of the overrunning clutch is attached to the hub with three rivets, in which there are three rollers 3 with plungers 55, springs and guide rods 54. These parts are kept from falling out by a steel casing 6. On starters of later releases, the cylindrical plungers are replaced by L-shaped plate pushers. The grooves in which the rollers 3 are located have a variable width. The rollers are pressed by springs into the narrow part of the groove, in which, when transmitting rotation from the starter to the flywheel crown, they are wedged between the outer 5 and inner ring of the clutch and transmit rotation from the outer ring to the inner one, i.e. from shaft to gear. After starting the engine, the gear, and therefore the inner ring, will rotate faster (those. overtake the outside) and the rollers will be thrown into the wide part of the groove, where they will turn freely without jamming and the torque will not be transmitted by the clutch.
The casing 6 also fastens two thrust half-rings 4, which are included in the annular groove of the gear 1. The gear has a brass bushing with graphite inclusions and can freely move along the smooth end of the armature shaft and rotate on it.
The cover 11 of the starter on the drive side is cast iron, since the starter is attached to the clutch housing with the flange of the cover and it experiences the greatest loads. To ensure proper engagement of the starter gear with the flywheel crown, cover 11 has a centering belt that enters the hole in the clutch housing. The traction relay is fixed on the cover.
the electromagnetic traction relay of the starter is used to engage gear 1 with the flywheel crown and to close the power circuit of the armature and stator windings. On the frame of a brass tube and two cardboard cheeks, two windings are wound: (wound outside) and retracting (wound inside). Both windings are wound in the same direction. The beginning of the windings are soldered to the plug "50". The end of the holding winding is welded to the flange 20, i. connected to mass", and the horses of the retracting winding are connected to the lower contact bolt 24. Until 1981, there was only one winding on starters.
Steel flanges 15 and 20 together with the yoke form the magnetic system of the relay. A core 19 is welded to the flange 20. On the armature 13 of the relay, a rod 10 is riveted on one side to engage with the lever 9, and on the other side, a rod 17 is rolled, passing through a hole in the core and having a spring-loaded copper contact plate 21 at the end. In order to improve sliding anchors and to eliminate jamming, a bushing made of polyamide plastic is put on the anchor rod 17. When the relay is turned on, the contact plate 21 closes two fixed contacts, made in the form of copper bolts 24, fixed with nuts on the plastic cover 23. The stator winding leads are connected to the lower contact bolt, and the wire from the battery is connected to the upper one. The relay flanges are tightened together with the cover 23 by three bolts. The relay is attached to the starter cover with the same bolts.
The traction force from the relay is transmitted to the starter drive through the plastic lever 9, fixed on the axis 7 in the cover 11. The lugs of the driving ring 44 enter the grooves of the lever fork.
The starter is turned on using an auxiliary relay 56 of the Ri-534 or 113.3747-10 type, installed in the engine compartment on the right mudguard. Until 1906, this relay was not used and voltage was supplied to the windings of the traction relay directly from the ignition switch. Then the plug "50" starter connected with red wire (shown in the picture) with mounting block. With an auxiliary relay, this wire is not installed.
When the key is turned to position II ("Starter") contacts close "30" And "50" ignition switch 58 and through the winding of the auxiliary relay 56, a current begins to flow, closing along the path: "plus" battery clamp - "30" generator - mounting block 57 - contacts "30" And "50" ignition switch 58 mounting block auxiliary relay winding 56 - ground.
The contacts of the auxiliary relay close and current flows through them into the windings of the traction relay along the path: "plus" battery - clamp "30" generator - contacts "87" And "30" auxiliary relay - plug 50" starter. Here the current path splits into two parallel branches. One passes through the holding winding (in the diagram on the left) traction relay and "mass", and the second - through the retracting winding (in the diagram on the right), through the stator and armature windings also on "mass".
Moving, the armature of the traction relay through the lever 9 moves the overrunning clutch with the gear. The overrunning clutch hub, turning on the screw splines of the starter armature shaft 36, also turns gear 1, which facilitates its engagement with the flywheel crown. In addition, the chamfers on the lateral edges of the gear teeth and the flywheel ring, as well as the buffer spring that transmits the force from the lever 9 to the clutch hub 46, facilitate the engagement of the gear and soften the impact of the gear on the flywheel ring.
When the contact bolts are closed, the retracting winding (in the diagram on the right) the relay is de-energized, since both its ends are connected to "a plus" battery. But since the armature of the relay is already pulled in, a relatively small magnetic flux is required to hold it in this position, which is created by the holding winding (in the diagram on the left).
After the contacts of the traction relay are closed, current begins to flow through the stator and armature windings. As a result of the interaction of the magnetic fields created by the current, the starter armature begins to rotate. The rotation of the armature through the screw splines is transmitted to the hub 46 and the outer ring 5 of the freewheel starter. Since the rollers 3 of the clutch are displaced by springs into the narrow part of the groove of the outer ring, and the gear is braked by the flywheel ring, the rollers are wedged between the outer and inner rings of the overrunning clutch and the torque from the armature shaft is transmitted through the clutch and gear to the flywheel ring. At the same time, as a result of gear braking and armature rotation, the clutch hub 46 is screwed off the splines of the armature shaft and the gear is driven all the way into the ring 50, fully engaging with the flywheel.
After the key is returned to position I ("Ignition"), auxiliary relay 56 turns off. Its contacts open and the power circuit of the starter traction relay through the auxiliary is interrupted. Now the current goes in the following way: "plus" battery - closed contacts of the traction relay - retracting and then holding the windings of the traction relay mass. The armature of the relay is pressed into its original position by springs and the relay contacts open, turning off the power to the armature windings and the starter stator «
At the same time, the armature of the traction relay by lever 9 moves the overrunning clutch back to its original position and disengages the gear from the flywheel crown. The return spring 12 through the lever, disk 43 and limiter 42 presses on the anchor towards the cover 25. The brake disk 28 of the armature shaft rests against the brake disk 27 of the cover, and the anchor quickly stops rotating.